Imaging

TPLO reduces cranial tibial subluxation during walking, but persistent instability is common.

Cervical spondylomyelopathy should be a differential diagnosis for GSDs with ataxia, paresis, or signs of cervical hyperesthesia.

Atlantoaxial instability can be objectively diagnosed in sedated or anesthetized toy breed dogs when applying 51° flexion to cervical radiographs.

CT cannot be used to plan conforming arthroplasties in small joints and could lack precision when used to plan the correction of a limb deformity or repair of a fracture.

T1ρ shows promise for possible utility in translational study of cartilage health and warrant further development in this species.

The craniocaudal projection using a horizontal radiographical beam was more accurate than the standard craniocaudal projection for measurement of the true anatomical dimensions of the canine femur.

This method can be used to detect injury such as partial ligament tears, and to visualize maturity-related changes in the collagen structure of tendons.

Breed studies should be performed to determine a breed-specific patellar-thickness/trochlear-depth ratio.

These findings may help guide future studies of alternatives for optimizing canine pelvic anatomy to minimize the risk of hip dysplasia and associated osteoarthritis.

The method of stifle exploration during TPLO influences the postoperative radiographic appearance of the patellar tendon and may contribute to patellar tendinopathy.